Trip Report: The Indian Software Industry

Robert V. Binder

An Invitation to India

The Quality Assurance Institute of India (QAII) invited me to present my Object-Oriented Testing seminar in three Indian cities, mid-October 1995. QAII sponsors software quality seminars and provides consulting in India. They're affiliated with the QAI of Orlando, Florida. Some impressions of India and the Indian software industry follow (the CCTA web site offers general information about the Indian software industry.)

Having been pretty loopy due to jet lag on my last trip to Europe, I followed the anti-jet lag program outlined in Overcoming Jet Lag (Ehret and Scanlon, Berkeley, ISBN 0-425-09936-9). It really works -- after two days, I was sleeping at night, waking at dawn, and alert all day. I highly recommend this approach to anyone traveling over four or more time zones. If you still smoke, you'll like international air travel. I quit over ten years ago, and the noxious clouds that wafted from smoking sections of my Lufthansa 747 put an unpleasant edge on what were otherwise good (but long) flights.

I was en route from Chicago to Bangalore for 26 hours. This entailed a four-hour layover at Bombay airport (2 am to 6 am) to change planes. The local version of "skycaps" are pretty aggressive in hustling your bags (I had to wrest my luggage cart by force from one that popped out of the shadows.) Out at 6 am to Bangalore. The Wizard of Oz kept coming to mind, where Dorothy, having just been dropped by the tornado into Oz says, "Well Toto, looks like we're not in Kansas anymore."

Bangalore

Located in the southern third of the India, Bangalore is generally acknowledged as the center of India's software industry. Many major US companies have opened offices there, including Motorola, AT&T, Oracle, and Hewlett-Packard. Bangalore is on a high plain, so it remains cool. It has seen significant recent growth -- the cost of office space is up 400% in the last year. I stayed at the Sheraton Windsor Manor -- an excellent place.

I stopped by the Motorola facility in Bangalore (Motorola is a client.) It is one of the few software development organizations on the planet to have been assessed at SEI level 5. They routinely produce systems with measured failures on the order of 1 per million lines of code. This incredible performance is in part due to their designing a total software process from a clean sheet just a few years ago with these achievements as explicit goals.

Bombay

From Bangalore, I flew back to Bombay. Bombay is a port city on the Arabian Sea -- very humid, very hot. It covers a long peninsula, with a single main boulevard/street providing access for its 9 million residents. It is congested, shabby, and dirty, but throbs with big city energy. I'm told that prime office space in Bombay is ridiculously expensive ($20,000 a month for 1000 sq ft.)

Delhi

The final seminar was given in Delhi, the capital of India. I was reminded of Washington DC as soon as I got off the plane. There were subtle cues that suggested formalism, high pretense, and fussiness. The capital buildings are remainder from the British Raj and are quite impressive, if some what excessive. A person from QAII came along on a shopping trip. We ended up in the open air street bazaar -- I couldn't take a step without being offered a rug, etc. which I declined (you can't really be sure of what you're getting with handicrafts unless you buy at the government stores, I'm told.) My guide later said that after giving me a pitch in English, the shills would speak to him in Hindi, invariably offering anything he wanted, free of charge, if he would just steer me into their shop.

Traffic in Delhi is frequently gridlocked. It seems that motor scooters, motor cycles, and auto-rickshaws (three wheel open passenger carriers) outnumber cars by nearly 2 to 1. There few autos other than Maruti's (the Indian Auto Manufacturer.) There are four Maruti models. The taxi and "family car" version appear to be clones of the late 1950's English Ford and early sixties Fiat subcompact, but if they breakdown, "any four year old in any village can fix them." Unleaded gas is a new and optional idea. There are no emission controls on anything. Most of the two-wheelers have two-stroke engines; there are many diesel cars and trucks. Only Mexico City is said to have worse air pollution.

A Land of Contrasts

The meeting of extremes is commonplace in India: abysmal poverty amidst mammoth enterprise; villagers cooking over burning cow patties formed by hand (and stacked to dry on the roadsides by the thousands) just a few minutes from haute cuisine in swank hotels; magnificent relics thousands of years old cheek-by-jowl with satellite dishes; a shiny new Mercedes overtaking a dozen wooden-wheeled carts drawn by camels, Brahma cattle, and musk Ox; stinking, ragged shanty towns separated from air-conditioned high-rises by barbed wire.

While in Bangalore, I took a day trip to the Nandi Hills, where a Hindu temple over 1,000 years old built from granite slabs several feet thick perches atop a 3,000 foot peak. The peak juts abruptly from the very flat central plain. The temple is still in daily use. As I circled it for a good camera angle, I noticed a TV antenna fixed to the stone roof. Later, I was beckoned in and given a Hindu blessing. Just below the temple, an Indian film crew was shooting a scene for an action flick where the hero nearly plunges over the edge in a jeep (this nearly happened during the filming.)

The Indian idea of negotiation is a process which continues to push -- "no" is seldom taken at face value. However, the people I met were unfailingly polite and engaging. Theirs is a religious culture which seems to impart a subtle kind of spiritually to all things.

The Indian Software Industry

The seminar participants in all three cities were very similar. There were fifty-five in the Bangalore seminar and over thirty in Bombay and in Delhi. Nearly all worked for software product companies (only a few from internal MIS groups.) About one in seven were women. They are well educated as a group (nearly all had at least a B.S. in Computer Science) and were fluent in technical English. They posed many insightful and provocative questions -- the kind that indicate the material presented has been understood and considered with care. There seemed to be genuine desire to learn -- refreshing compared to the cynical slouching and hostility I've encountered with some US audiences. (In fairness, I had an equally favorable impression of the participants attending my tutorial at the Pacific Northwest Software Quality Conference the preceding week.)

About five years ago, the Indian government allowed "Multi-national Companies" to establish software development facilities, provided the software was developed for export. The relatively low cost of labor, land, and facilities made this attractive to the "MNCs". This has spawned a viable software industry (it was virtually non- existent before this program.) I'd guess that the value (i.e. derived revenues) of software exported is now on the order of $20 billion a year. This will grow.

At present, severe limitations in general infrastructure are a primary weakness of the Indian software industry. For example, the power grid fails every four hours in Bangalore. Tap water is contaminated in all locations. The main roads everywhere are clogged beyond comprehension. It takes at least a year and a payment of $1000 to get a phone line -- I'm told that people hoard phone connections. Fully half of the population (nearly four times ours and growing faster in one-third the land) is illiterate; three-fourths are rural. Village India remains the social and political anchor. There are shooting civil wars in progress in several states owing to ethnic hostilities. There are wide cultural gaps with the west in general and blatant hostility to America in particular. The Indian press is whimsical in its reporting, glibly mixing innuendo, sarcasm, and polemics. In the press, the Indian side can do no wrong and American business and government is presumed to be lying and malicious. I did not get the sense that there are greater or lesser versions of Bill Gates waiting in the wings -- there seems for the moment no desire to define a market or to blaze a path with new products. For the time being, this will be left to the marketing partners of the software EOUs (Export Only Units.)

In spite of its problems, India is quietly becoming an international software giant. The government appears to have provided the right combination of incentives along with a relatively low hassle support (a radical change for this government, I'm told.) What has evolved is something like a coordinated, rational strategy for industrial policy. The preferred strategy does not seem to be "off-shore" development (i.e., lots of cheaper body shops) but the establishment of many highly capable software product organizations that can develop and support complex systems. A concern for quality and desire to make effective use of state of the art technologies was evident. It seems the lessons of software engineering have been well studied. The pigheadness and ignorance that plagues many software development organizations here (see Ed Yourdon's The Decline and Fall of the American Programmer) may have been avoided. I sensed a kind of "We Try Harder" at work -- the better to offset (western) concerns about quality. There is a very conscious effort to adopt best practices and a strong work ethic.

Good to be back. After shaking off my westbound jet lag, I bought prime steaks for dinner, which I rubbed well with garlic and pepper before grilling.


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First Release: 1 December 1995. Last Rev: 15 October 2001